Liu BC 等 (2008). Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004333.pub3>
给 B 的原因:烟雾报警器这边只有一项研究,做法是回头比对出事和没出事的家庭,不是随机分组的试验。一氧化碳报警器本身没有降低死亡率的研究。这里的收益是按「中毒死亡集中在冬季、集中在家中」推出来的。
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Marshall SW 等 (1998). Fatal residential fires: who dies and who survives? JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.20.1633> ; USFA (2022). Fatal Fires in Residential Buildings (2018-2020), Topical Fire Report Series 22(2). <https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/statistics/v22i2.pdf> ; You J 等 (2020). Number of Deaths due to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Month and by Place of Death — China, 2018. China CDC Weekly. <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.008>
条例原文能逐字核对,但它只说明到期换管是你的义务,不说明换了能少出多少事故。按年限换管能把燃气事故降多少,没找到官方统计数字,所以只给 C 级。有人以「安检」名义上门,检查完就推销自闭阀和报警器。条例第二十条第六项不许燃气公司要求你买它指定的产品,你可以拒绝,也可以投诉。闻到燃气味,先关燃气总阀,瓶装气关钢瓶阀门。再开门开窗通风,别开排气扇。电灯、抽油烟机这些电器一律别开也别关,打火机也别碰。然后人撤出去,离开现场再打燃气公司的报警电话。一氧化碳中毒是另一件事,见第 13 节。
Mushroom Poisoning Outbreaks — China, 2025. China CDC Weekly (2026):「In 2025, China CDC investigated 828 mushroom poisoning incidents across 27 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs), affecting 2,165 individuals and causing 13 deaths - a case fatality rate of 0.6%, the lowest of the past six years. In total, 138 poisonous mushroom species were identified, including 34 newly recorded in poisoning incidents in China.」「From 2019 to 2024, the annual number of incidents ranged from 276 to 676, and the case fatality rate ranged from 0.87% to 2.86%.」<https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2026.120>;同刊 2024 年度报告 <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2025.106>
Ettehad D 等 (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8> ; Lu J 等 (2017). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China (China PEACE Million Persons Project). Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32478-9>
US Preventive Services Task Force (2021). Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. <https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes>:「at a lower BMI (≥23) if the patient is Asian American」;国家卫生健康委办公厅 (2024). 居民体重管理核心知识(2024 年版)释义:「根据《成年人体重判定》(WS/T 428-2013)行业标准……24.0≤BMI<28.0 为超重,BMI≥28.0 为肥胖」. <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202407/P020240703481519509521.pdf>
Spiegel CN, Lindaman FC (1977). Children can't fly: a program to prevent childhood morbidity and mortality from window falls. American Journal of Public Health:「Significant reduction in falls resulted, particularly in the Bronx, where reported falls declined 50 percent from 1973 to 1975」,1976 年纽约市卫生法典修订「to require that landlords provide window guards in apartments where children ten years old and younger reside」. <https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.67.12.1143>;(2021). Unintentional Window Falls in Children and Adolescents. Academic Pediatrics:2007 年 1 月至 2017 年 8 月全国电子伤害监测系统 38,840 例急诊就诊,「The majority of falls occurred in children under the age of 6 and were related to falls from a second story or below」. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2020.07.008>
A 级只对应救生衣这一半。「不离视线」是大家的共识,单算只有 C 级,没有随机试验,以后也不会有。中国的溺水死亡集中在农村、夏季,以及 15 到 19 岁的男性。冬天上冰面玩,见第 41 条(野外冰面先量厚度)。
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Cummings P 等 (2011). Association between wearing a personal floatation device and death by drowning among recreational boaters. Injury Prevention. <https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.028688> ; Li Z 等 (2023). Unintentional Drowning Mortality Among Individuals Under Age 20 — China, 2013–2021. China CDC Weekly. <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2023.198> ; Zhou J 等 (2024). Injury Mortality of Children and Adolescents Aged 0–19 Years — China, 2010–2021. China CDC Weekly. <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2024.057>
Sherrington C 等 (2019). Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2> ; Gillespie LD 等 (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3> ; Lu Z 等 (2021). Characteristics of Falls Among Older People — China, 2018. China CDC Weekly. <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.013>
Qu C 等 (2014). Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong hepatitis B intervention study. PLoS Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001774> ; Cui F 等 (2017). Prevention of Chronic Hepatitis B after 3 Decades of Escalating Vaccination Policy, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. <https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.161477>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 破伤风:「Tetanus bacteria can get into someone's body through broken skin, usually through injuries.」「Tetanus can lead to death (1 in 10 cases in the United States are fatal).」「People who didn't complete the primary series or who aren't up to date with their 10-year tetanus booster shots are also at increased risk.」「Vaccination also helps prevent tetanus in people with wounds, depending on their tetanus vaccination history.」<https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html>;国家卫生健康委办公厅 (2024). 关于印发非新生儿破伤风诊疗规范(2024 年版)的通知(国卫办医急函〔2024〕381 号,风险分级见附件第 16 页,表 4 见第 20 页). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202410/content_6982262.htm>;附件 PDF(扫描件). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202410/P020241023483425528555.pdf>
US Preventive Services Task Force (2024). Breast Cancer: Screening. <https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening>
Sankaranarayanan R 等 (2009). HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India. New England Journal of Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808516>
Hewitson P 等 (2007). Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001216.pub2> ; Bretthauer M 等 (2022). Effect of Colonoscopy Screening on Risks of Colorectal Cancer and Related Death. New England Journal of Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2208375>
Fröbert O 等 (2021). Influenza Vaccination After Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Circulation. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057042> ; Behrouzi B 等 (2022). Association of Influenza Vaccination With Cardiovascular Risk: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8873>;Demicheli V 等 (2018). Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004876.pub4>(备注里说的那份 Cochrane 汇总)
Lal H, Cunningham AL, Godeaux O, et al. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(22), 2087-2096. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184>
Bonten MJ, Huijts SM, Bolkenbaas M, et al. (2015). Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(12), 1114-1125. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1408544>
Li WQ 等 (2019). Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment and vitamin and garlic supplementation on gastric cancer incidence and mortality: follow-up of a randomized intervention trial. BMJ. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5016>
National Lung Screening Trial Research Team (2011). Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Low-Dose Computed Tomographic Screening. New England Journal of Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102873>
Price SJ, Shephard EA, Stapley SA, Barraclough K, Hamilton WT (2014). Non-visible versus visible haematuria and bladder cancer risk: a study of electronic records in primary care. British Journal of General Practice, 64(626), e584-e589. <https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp14X681409>
Vlachopoulos CV, Terentes-Printzios DG, Ioakeimidis NK, Aznaouridis KA, Stefanadis CI (2013). Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 6(1), 99-109. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966903>;DailyMed(美国国立医学图书馆的药品说明书库). VIAGRA (sildenafil citrate) tablet, CONTRAINDICATIONS. <https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e>
Gupta BP, Murad MH, Clifton MM, Prokop L, Nehra A, Kopecky SL (2011). The effect of lifestyle modification and cardiovascular risk factor reduction on erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(20), 1797-1803. <https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.440>;Rosen RC, Cappelleri JC, Smith MD, Lipsky J, Peña BM (1999). Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 11(6), 319-326. <https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900472>
一项研究把 25 项研究、10676 对异性伴侣合起来一起算。这些伴侣都是一方感染 HIV、一方没感染,学名叫血清不一致。和从来不用的人相比,坚持每次都用安全套的人,HIV 传播风险低约 71%。原值 RR 0.29,可信范围 95% CI 0.20 至 0.43。和用得断断续续的人相比,低约 77%(RR 0.23,95% CI 0.13 至 0.40)。作者的结论是,安全套虽然不完美,但「坚持使用可使 HIV 传播降低 70% 以上」。同一层保护还覆盖梅毒、淋病、衣原体等其他性传播感染
需要注意什么
「不规律使用」和「不用」的差距很小,要每次、全程都用才有效。共用针具是另一条独立的高效传播途径,和性行为无关,注射毒品、纹身、穿孔都算。高风险人群还可以用暴露前预防(PrEP),就是事先吃药挡住感染。把 18 项研究合起来算,凡是超过七成人按时吃药的试验,吃 PrEP 的人感染 HIV 的风险比吃安慰剂的低约七成。原值是风险比 0.30,可信范围 95% CI 0.21 至 0.45。按时吃药的人少的那些试验,则看不到保护效果。PrEP 是处方药,去感染科或者疾控问,别自己网购。已经暴露之后怎么办见第 13 节
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Giannou FK, Tsiara CG, Nikolopoulos GK, et al. (2016). Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on HIV serodiscordant couples. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 16(4), 489-499. <https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.2016.1102635>;Fonner VA 等 (2016). Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS. <https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001145>(暴露前预防 PrEP)
国务院 (2006). 艾滋病防治条例(第三、二十三、三十八、三十九条). <https://wjw.beijing.gov.cn/zwgk_20040/zcwj2022/flfg/202304/t20230408_2992986.html>(北京市卫生健康委员会转载);Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al. (2019). Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. The Lancet, 393(10189), 2428-2438. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0>;广东省疾病预防控制中心. 艾滋病检测窗口期科普. <https://web.archive.org/web/20260915151957/https://cdcp.gd.gov.cn/jkjy/kpydjwjxz/content/post_3441820.html>(窗口期那个数字;原页面已下线,链接为 2026-09-15 的网页存档)
Deisenhammer EA, Ing CM, Strauss R, Kemmler G, Hinterhuber H, Weiss EM (2009). The duration of the suicidal process: how much time is left for intervention between consideration and accomplishment of a suicide attempt? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(1), 19-24. <https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.07m03904>;Owens D, Horrocks J, House A (2002). Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 193-199. <https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.3.193>
Gawarammana IB, Buckley NA (2011). Medical management of paraquat ingestion. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 72(5), 745-757. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04026.x>;Chowdhury FR 等 (2026). Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Paraquat Poisoning: A Toxicological Crisis in Bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 115, 176-182. <https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.25-0719>;Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, et al. (2002). Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(14), 1057-1067. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013121>;Parkinson RB, Hopkins RO, Cleavinger HB, et al. (2002). White matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological outcome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurology, 58(10), 1525-1532. <https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.58.10.1525>;农业农村部办公厅 (2018). 关于切实加强百草枯监督管理的通知(农办农〔2018〕17 号). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2018-12/31/content_5442594.htm>
Chen Y, Li W, Wang X, Zhong Q, Abudurexiti A, Qiu Q, Li J, Luo J (2025). Clinical features and prognostic predictors for patients admitted to trauma intensive care unit due to fall from height in South Xinjiang. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 142. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00959-4>;Simmel S, Wurm S, Drisch S, Woltmann A, Coenen M (2020). Prädiktion der Rückkehr zur Arbeit nach Polytrauma bei Patienten mit einem ISS von mindestens 25. Die Rehabilitation, 59(2), 95-103. <https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0977-6853>;国家卫生健康委 (2025). 2024 年我国卫生健康事业发展统计公报解读. <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202512/content_7050025.htm>
Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, Montgomery RA, McBride MA, Wainright JL, Segev DL (2014). Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation. JAMA, 311(6), 579-586. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.285141>;Mjøen G, Hallan S, Hartmann A, et al. (2014). Long-term risks for kidney donors. Kidney International, 86(1), 162-167. <https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.460>;Ibrahim HN, Foley R, Tan L, et al. (2009). Long-term consequences of kidney donation. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 459-469. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804883>;Goyal M, Mehta RL, Schneiderman LJ, Sehgal AR (2002). Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. JAMA, 288(13), 1589-1593. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.13.1589>
给 B 是因为只有一项研究,而且只算了去专科看过病的人。这些人病情偏重,所以 15 倍不能套到所有打牌的人身上。把钱交给家人管是经验做法,没有直接研究,单算是 C 级。赌博的法律红线见第 9 节第 13 条(不抽头、不玩网络赌博)。家里人欠了赌债该不该替他还,见第 8 节第 44 条(赌债不算夫妻共同债务)。自杀念头冒出来之后怎么办,见本节第 32 条(先告诉身边的一个人)。受益人主要是你自己,家人发现苗头时也可以拉着他照这条办。
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Karlsson A, Håkansson A. (2018). Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity: A longitudinal nationwide register study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1091–1099. <https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.112>;Karlsson A, Håkansson A. (2023). Corrigendum to: Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 12(1), 302. <https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.10000>;国家卫生健康委 (2024). 关于应用"12356"全国统一心理援助热线电话号码的通知(国卫医政函〔2024〕259 号). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202412/content_6994470.htm>
Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. (2010). Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(27), 2587–2599. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1011205>;McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. (2016). Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. The Lancet, 387(10013), 53–60. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2>;Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. (2015). On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(23), 2237–2246. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506273>;Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, et al. (2016). Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS, 30(12), 1973–1983. <https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001145>;Xu JJ, Huang XJ, Liu XC, et al. (2020). Consensus statement on human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis in China. Chinese Medical Journal, 133(23), 2840–2846. <https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000001181>(中文版《中国 HIV 暴露前预防用药专家共识》);World Health Organization (2019). What's the 2+1+1? Event-driven oral pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV for men who have sex with men (WHO/CDS/HIV/19.8). <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/what-s-the-2-1-1-event-driven-oral-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-to-prevent-hiv-for-men-who-have-sex-with-men>;国务院办公厅 (2024). 中国遏制与防治艾滋病规划(2024—2030 年). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202412/content_6992033.htm>
US Preventive Services Task Force, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. (2025). Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.27154> ; Kahwati LC, Kistler CE, Booth G, et al. (2025). Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: A Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.21653> ; Shepstone L, Lenaghan E, Cooper C, et al. (2018). Screening in the community to reduce fractures in older women (SCOOP): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32640-5> ; 中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会 (2017). 原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017). 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 10(5), 413-443(表 5 骨密度测量的临床指征). <https://html.rhhz.net/GUSS/html/cc825127-29a3-47c1-9a95-7a212fdcce55.htm> ; Wang L, Yu W, Yin X, et al. (2021). Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Fracture in China: The China Osteoporosis Prevalence Study. JAMA Network Open. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21106>
争议:一篇合并了 38 项试验的荟萃分析没有看出这类药能降低总死亡率(RR 0.98,95% CI 0.91 到 1.05)。单看唑来膦酸也不显著(RR 0.88,95% CI 0.68 到 1.13)。作者的结论是,这类药只该为了少骨折而用。Cochrane 那几个数字的可信度也被评为低到中等。还没骨折、骨折风险较低的女性,阿仑膦酸钠对髋部骨折没看出明显作用(RR 0.76,95% CI 0.43 到 1.32)。下颌骨坏死、不典型股骨骨折这类少见的副作用,几年的试验看不全,所以要按时复查、不自己加药停药。有的人适合打针,有的人适合吃药,选哪种由医生定。怎么查出骨质疏松,见第 39 条(骨密度检查)。绝经激素治疗也能减少骨折,但一般只在不适合用别的药时才考虑。为了潮热盗汗用激素,见第 2 节第 43 条(绝经前后潮热去评估激素治疗)。受益人主要是你自己,也包括你的父母。
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中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会 (2017). 原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017). 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 10(5), 413-443(表 10 抗骨质疏松症药物治疗适应证;钙剂一节;疗效监测一节). <https://html.rhhz.net/GUSS/html/cc825127-29a3-47c1-9a95-7a212fdcce55.htm> ; Wells GA, Hsieh SC, Peterson J, et al. (2025). Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001155.pub3> ; Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, et al. (2007). Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. New England Journal of Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa074941> ; Cummings SR, Lui LY, Eastell R, Allen IE (2019). Association Between Drug Treatments for Patients With Osteoporosis and Overall Mortality Rates: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2779> ; Kahwati LC, Kistler CE, Booth G, et al. (2025). Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: A Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.21653> ; Wang L, Yu W, Yin X, et al. (2021). Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Fracture in China: The China Osteoporosis Prevalence Study. JAMA Network Open. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21106>
中国气象局 (2019). 想要冰上健步走,多厚的冰才安全? <https://www.cma.gov.cn/kppd/kppdqxyr/kppdtyqx/201901/t20190124_513302.html>;北京市水务局 (2024). 北京正规河湖冰场还未达开放标准,别冒险滑「野冰」. <https://swj.beijing.gov.cn/swdt/ztzl/fnsbaqztxc/fnszlxx/202412/t20241226_3973959.html>;Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. General ice thickness guidelines. <https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/safety/ice/thickness.html>;Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Ice safety. <https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/safety/ice/index.html>;Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Steps for surviving immersion. <https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/safety/ice/survival.html>;National Weather Service. Winter Weather Safety: Ice and Frost. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/winter-ice-frost>;Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Working on or near Ice Covered Water - Basic Information. <https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/work_ice.html>
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2025). Abrasive Wheels - Use of Portable Grinders. <https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/abrasive_wheels/safeuse1.html>;Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2025). Powered Hand Tools - Use of Grinder Attachments. <https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/powered-hand-tools-use-of-grinder-attachments.html>;Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (2017). Guards and discs on angle grinders. <https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/news-and-events/alerts/workplace-health-and-safety-alerts/2017/guards-and-discs-on-angle-grinders>;哈尔滨市松北区人民政府 (2019). 哈尔滨三发装卸运输有限公司「8.28」机械伤害事故调查报告. <https://www.songbei.gov.cn/hebsbq/tzgg/201910/c01_797872.shtml>;福田区人民政府沙头新洲南村房屋装修工程「3·14」一般机械伤害事故调查组 (2024). 沙头新洲南村房屋装修工程「3·14」一般机械伤害事故调查报告(引 GB 3883.3-2007 第 8.12.1.102 条 a、e 项). <https://www.szft.gov.cn/attachment/1/1507/1507749/11317197.pdf>;Song J, Jeon YB, Jang JH, Cho JS, Choi JY, Choi WS. (2023). Severity of grinder injuries and related factors compared with other high-rotation cutting tool injuries: a multicenter retrospective study from 2011 to 2018. Journal of Trauma and Injury, 36(1), 32-38. <https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2021.0057>;Ke W, Gu K, Zhu S, Wu J, Dai Y. (2025). Prognostics Factors to Avoid Eye Injuries in Angle Grinders. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 36(6), e629-e631. <https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000011108>;Sozbilen MC, Dastan AE, Gunay H, Kucuk L. (2018). A prospective study of angle grinder injuries in the hands and forearms during a one-year period. Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation, 37(5), 300-304. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hansur.2018.07.002>;Tsumura T, Matsumoto T, Matsushita M, Kishimoto K, Shiode H. (2021). Do Not Cut Wood with an Angle Grinder, or You Might Lose a Finger: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Hand Surgery Asian-Pacific Volume. <https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424835521500053>
Jha P 等 (2013). 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. NEJM. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128>;Chen Z 等 (2015). Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2>;Oberg M 等 (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8>(二手烟那两个数字);Scolaro JA 等 (2014). Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. <https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.00081>;Nåsell H 等 (2010). Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. <https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00627>;Thomsen T 等 (2014). Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub4>(骨折和手术那几个数字)
Öberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet:「603,000 deaths were attributable to second-hand smoke in 2004, which was about 1·0% of worldwide mortality. 47% of deaths from second-hand smoke occurred in women, 28% in children, and 26% in men」,「61% of DALYs were in children」. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8>;(2026). The Associations Between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Various Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research:57 项研究,「hypertension (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.40), heart disease (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.50), myocardial infarction (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.84), stroke (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.54)」「Home exposure has a higher risk of CVD than non-home exposure」. <https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf111>
Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. (2023). Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD006103. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub8>;Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T (2018). Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000146. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5>;Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. (2023). Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013308. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2>;上海市卫生健康委员会 (2021). 选对药物,让戒烟轻松一点:「市场上可见的戒烟药物主要有三种,即尼古丁替代疗法药物、安非他酮、伐尼克兰」,「尼古丁替代疗法药物属于非处方药(OTC),可通过药店柜台购买;而安非他酮、伐尼克兰属于处方药,须到医院戒烟门诊或呼吸内科就诊,凭医师处方经药师调配后才能得到」. <https://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/jtyx/20211119/df50681e01ba49f896d54f771d8176ae.html>
争议。Cochrane 原先有一篇专门比这两种办法的综述,结论是两者差不多(RR 0.94,95% CI 0.79–1.13,10 项试验、3760 人),但那篇已于 2019 年撤回、不再更新。所以眼下最好的证据是上面这项随机试验,方向支持一次停。另外那项试验里两组都在戒烟日之前就开始用尼古丁替代品,这个做法本身也有证据:提前用比戒烟日当天才开始,成功率高约 25%(RR 1.25,95% CI 1.08–1.44,9 项试验、4395 人,中等确定性证据)。所以合理的排法是先定日子,提前两周贴上,到日子一次停。
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Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins B, Aveyard P (2016). Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 164(9), 585–592. <https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2805>;Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. (2023). Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013308(提前用尼古丁替代品那一段). <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2>
Malik VS 等 (2019). Long-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults. Circulation. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401>;Mullee A, Romaguera D, Pearson-Stuttard J, et al. (2019). Association Between Soft Drink Consumption and Mortality in 10 European Countries. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179(11), 1479-1490. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478>
Yamada T, Hara K, Kadowaki T (2013). Chewing betel quid and the risk of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(8), e70679. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070679>
争议。PURE 这项研究只长期跟踪记录,不分组。它报告:一天排钠不到 3 g 的人,死亡加心血管事件的风险高约 27%。一天排钠 7 g 以上的人,高约 15%。按它的结果,吃太少和吃太多都不好,中间最好。但本条引的那项中国农村随机试验里,低钠盐只是替换掉一部分,不会把钠压得那么低。另外要注意,试验对象是高危老人。健康年轻人换盐得到的好处要小得多。肾功能不全的人,或者正在吃保钾类药物的人,换盐前先问医生。
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Neal B 等 (2021). Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death. NEJM. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675>;O'Donnell M 等 (2014). Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. NEJM. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889>(争议方 PURE)
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要改的是睡得太少和作息乱这两样,不必刻意去压缩睡眠时间。睡得长的人风险高,多半是因果反过来了:抑郁、慢性病、睡眠呼吸暂停会让人睡得多。另外,作息规律这一点目前有两项跟踪研究支持,都是只记录、不分组的,单独看属于 B 级证据。熬夜之后怎么补见本节第 38 条(熬夜之后第二天晚上就补觉)。
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Cappuccio FP 等 (2010). Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.585>;Yin J 等 (2017). Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. JAHA. <https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005947>;Windred DP 等 (2024). Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study. Sleep. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad253>;Kumar N, Krishnamurthy S (2026). Social jet lag is associated with incident cardiovascular disease independent of sleep duration and cardiac genetic risk. Journal of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.70133>
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Diaz KM 等 (2017). Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Mortality in U.S. Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A National Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0212>;Ekelund U 等 (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1>
Larsson SC, Orsini N (2014). Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology. <https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt261>;Schwingshackl L 等 (2017). Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. <https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148>;Johnston BC 等 (2019). Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the NutriRECS Consortium. Annals of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1621>(争议方 NutriRECS 指南)
Wood AM 等 (2018). Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X>;GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2>;Zhao J 等 (2023). Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. JAMA Network Open. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185>;Di Castelnuovo A 等 (2006). Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Archives of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437>(争议方)
自己怎么判断:几乎天天喝、一天不喝就手抖出汗心慌睡不着、早上要喝一点才舒服,占一条就别自己硬停。医院的常规做法是用苯二氮䓬类药物把这几天顶过去,同时补硫胺素(维生素 B1)。定 B 级是因为挪威那份队列说的是「得过震颤谵妄的人后来怎么样」,不是「自己硬戒会怎么样」,两者之间是推断。酒还是要戒,只是换成去医院戒。每周喝多少算多见本节第 19 条(少喝或不喝酒),想少喝怎么办见本节第 21 条(先数杯数再找医生)。
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Caputo F, Lungaro L, Costanzini A, De Giorgio R, Addolorato G (2026). Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in hospitalized patients: a practical review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 107103. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2026.107103>;Bramness JG, Heiberg IH, Høye A, Rossow I (2023). Mortality and alcohol-related morbidity in patients with delirium tremens, alcohol withdrawal state or alcohol dependence in Norway: A register-based prospective cohort study. Addiction, 118(12), 2352–2359. <https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16297>
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Bao Y, Han J, Hu FB, et al. (2013). Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(21), 2001-2011. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1307352>
Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Greenland P, et al. (2020). Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(4), 503-512. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6969>
Aune D 等 (2016). Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2716>;Schwingshackl L 等 (2017). Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. <https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148>
争议在于:这类研究只是跟踪记录,中国男性喝茶的人里抽烟喝酒的比例高。作者已经扣掉一部分这类影响,但扣不干净。还有一点,别喝滚烫的,热饮温度见本节关于热饮温度的一条。有人担心茶叶里有霉菌毒素。国内查过 158 份黑茶,有 2 份检出黄曲霉毒素,按喝茶的量算,吃进去的量低于国际上的可接受值。另一项查了 352 份茶、16 种霉菌毒素,只有黑茶里的赭曲霉毒素 A 平均含量超过限量。按国人喝茶的量算,两项都没算出膳食风险。茶叶放在干燥的地方,受潮发霉的别喝。绿茶提取物胶囊不一样:高浓度的儿茶素一次大量吞下去会伤肝,冲泡的茶没有这个问题。所以这里说的只是泡的茶,别拿提取物保健品代替
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Wang X, Liu F, Li J, et al. (2020). Tea consumption and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: The China-PAR project. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(18), 1956-1963. <https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319894685>;茶叶霉菌毒素:Cui P 等 (2020). Quantitative analysis and dietary risk assessment of aflatoxins in Chinese post-fermented dark tea. Food and Chemical Toxicology. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111830>;Zhou H 等 (2022). Mycotoxins in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze): Contamination and Dietary Exposure Profiling in the Chinese Population. Toxins. <https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070452>;绿茶提取物与肝损伤:Hu J 等 (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults - Results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019>
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把 306 组实验比较合起来算(荟萃分析):换个角度解释发生的事(认知重评)对情绪的效果大小 d = 0.36。站到对方立场看 d = 0.45。转移注意 d = 0.27。硬压住感受无效(d = -0.04)。另有三项实验显示:惩罚冒犯者的人,事后反而更久地反复想对方;不惩罚的人更快「翻篇」。人们事先高估了报复带来的痛快。
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注意事项摘录:定 B 的理由:都是人数不多的实验室与校园研究,场景是穿衣服和跟陌生人聊天。 完整条件见阅读全文。
阅读全文
03-21 · 原第 3 节第 21 条
原文标题
觉得「所有人都看见我出丑了」的时候,把这个估计除以二
原文说明
穿一件尴尬的 T 恤走进有人的房间,穿的人以为将近一半人认得出衣服上印的是谁,实际不到四分之一。穿自己觉得体面的 T 恤,估计的人数是实际的六倍。人聊完天,也普遍低估对方有多喜欢自己。所以觉得「所有人都记住我出丑了」时,砍一半仍然偏高。
做这件事要考虑什么
不花钱。只是在紧张的时候多问自己一句:他们真的看见了吗。
详细数字与解释
实验一:让参与者穿上印有 Barry Manilow 头像的 T 恤,走进有其他参与者的房间。穿的人平均估计 46% 的旁观者能正确指出衣服上的人是谁。旁观者实际正确率 23%,估计值恰为实际值的两倍。逐场把估计值减去实际值,平均高估 23 个百分点(95% CI 9–38,可信范围)。剔除只有两名和三名旁观者的那两场之后,为 27 个百分点(11–43)。实验二:改穿参与者自选的、自认为正面的 T 恤。平均估计 48%,旁观者实际正确率 8%,为六倍。另一系列研究有三种场景:陌生人配对交谈、大学新生室友、成人工作坊。结果是人们系统性低估交谈对象对自己的喜欢程度,也低估对方对这次交谈的享受程度。作者称之为「喜欢差」。不同长度的交谈中都存在,在新生室友之间持续数月。
需要注意什么
定 B 的理由:都是人数不多的实验室与校园研究,场景是穿衣服和跟陌生人聊天。搬到「被同事议论」「在会上说错话」上,没有直接证据。这些数字只说明高估的方向和大致倍数,没法当系数套。别人的看法也不是都不重要。真正在评价你的场合,比如面试、答辩、考核、体检报告,评价是实打实的,该准备就准备。要打折的只是日常里那种「所有人都在看我」的感觉,那部分要对付的是你自己的估计偏差。
查看出处
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把多项研究合起来算(荟萃分析):45 项研究、N = 11,747,人群为本科生、医学生、社区成人与精神科患者,用的是随机效应模型。下面是与自杀念头的加权平均相关。完美主义担忧 r = .28(95% CI .24–.32,可信范围;42 项研究、7,936 人)。完美主义担忧是一个合集,包括社会规定型完美主义、在意犯错、对行动的怀疑、现实与标准的落差等。其中社会规定型完美主义单独算,也是 r = .28(.25–.32,30 项研究、3,640 人)。完美主义追求 r = .10(.07–.13,31 项研究、4,588 人),它是自我导向的完美主义与个人标准的合集。父母批评 r = .20(.11–.29)。再看与自杀未遂的关系。完美主义担忧 r = .12(.07–.17,15 项研究、5,275 人)。社会规定型完美主义 r = .19(.08–.29,8 项研究、689 人)。跟踪一段时间的那部分:把一开始就有的自杀念头扣除后,社会规定型完美主义仍与后来随访时的自杀念头同向变化,幅度不大。自我导向与他人导向的完美主义都看不出关联。
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一份纳入 24 项随机试验的 Cochrane 综述。把食物放得更远,吃掉的量下降,标准化均数差 −0.60(95% CI −0.84 到 −0.36,这是可信范围;12 项研究、1098 人,低确定性证据),属于中等效应。把可选项减少,选择该食物的下降更明显,标准化均数差 −1.13(95% CI −1.90 到 −0.37,3 项研究、154 人,低确定性证据)。回归分析显示:放得越远、可选项越单一,效果越强。
需要注意什么
定 B 级的理由:这份综述收进来的 24 项研究全部是食物,酒和烟一项都没有;14 项在实验室做,全部来自高收入国家。所以「挪远就少碰」搬到手机和游戏上属于顺推,没有直接试验。把手机放到视线之外这一件事有人直接测过,见第 3 节第 1 条(关掉非必要通知,工作时把手机放到视线之外)。
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定 C 级,是因为官方只有定义和限额,「先保大人」是按「谁的收入断了家里过不下去」推出来的。孩子出事,家里并不会少一份收入。家里挣钱的人走了,房贷和孩子的开销还在。钱有限时,先给挣钱的人买定期寿险和一年期医疗险,再轮到孩子的医疗险。如实告知和保证续保怎么看,见第 7 节第 20 条(一年期医疗险)。这条的受益人落在第 ② 档,是你的配偶和孩子。
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Manson JE et al. (2019). Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. NEJM. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811403>;ASCEND Study Collaborative Group (2018). Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Diabetes Mellitus. NEJM. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804989>;Bhatt DL 等 (2019). Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812792>(备注里那项高纯度处方鱼油试验)
争议:这两项试验都没有特意去招真正缺维生素 D 的人,所以结论只管「本来就不缺的人」。查出确实缺的人、有骨质疏松的人、长期晒不到太阳的人、婴幼儿,还是按医生说的补。这里只看了总死亡和癌症、心脏血管这几件事,别的没看
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Manson JE et al. (2019). Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944>;Neale RE et al. (2022). The D-Health Trial: a randomised controlled trial of the effect of vitamin D on mortality. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00345-4>
美国那个负责给预防措施打分的官方机构 USPSTF,2022 年给 β 胡萝卜素和维生素 E 评了 D 级,意思是建议别用。吸烟的人和接触过石棉的人已经因此受了害。蔬菜水果里本身含的抗氧化物不算在内,照吃
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只能说「没有证据支持」,所以只给 C 级。把身体代谢产生的废物清出去,本来就是肝和肾在干的活。只要这两个器官没有生病,就不需要额外做什么「排毒」
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骨折后补维生素 D 的试验,没有一项看出骨头长得更好。钙和维 D 一起补的研究很少,说不清有没有用。一大碗骨头汤里的钙,只有每天该吃的几十分之一。本来就缺维 D、有骨质疏松的人另说。
做这件事要考虑什么
不花钱,还省下钙片、维生素 D 和天天熬汤的钱和工夫。要做的只是查出缺了再补,不缺就不额外补。
详细数字与解释
先看维生素 D。2023 年一篇系统综述收了 14 项研究、2734 名骨折病人。作者的结论是,单补维生素 D 对骨头愈合、长没长上和恢复后的功能影响很小。看出好处的几项研究,质量普遍偏低。作者写明,只算随机分组的试验,没有一项看出补了有好处。其中一项找了 100 名维 D 偏低的长骨骨折病人。一半人伤后两周内一次吃 10 万 IU,一半人吃安慰剂(假药)。两边各有 2 人骨头没长上,合起来是 4%。另一项找了 102 名 18 到 50 岁的大腿骨或小腿骨骨折病人,分四组吃不同剂量或安慰剂。3 个月和 12 个月时,愈合评分都没看出差别。还有一项找了 32 名手腕骨折的绝经后女性。和不补的人比,每天折合 1800 IU 的大剂量组,骨头的抗压硬度反而更低。再看钙。2014 年一篇系统综述说,维 D 不足或补维 D 对骨折愈合影响的临床研究很少,结论说不清。它找到的两项研究是钙和维 D 一起补,看到的是骨折处骨密度或骨痂(新长出来的骨头)多了,没看愈合快慢。最后看骨头汤。台湾高雄一项测定买了三种骨头汤面食,一份汤 450 到 550 克。每份汤里的钙平均 14 到 39 毫克,占每天 1000 毫克推荐量的 1.4% 到 3.9%。作者的结论是,一份汤的钙不到每天推荐量的 5%。中国的推荐量是 18 到 49 岁每天 800 毫克,50 岁以上 1000 毫克,每天上限 2000 毫克。这份标准写明,长期吃过量的钙会增加得肾结石的风险。美国一项试验找了 36282 名绝经后女性,每天吃 1000 毫克钙加 400 IU 维 D,平均跟踪 7 年。肾结石风险高约 17%(HR 1.17,95% CI 1.02–1.34,可信范围)。髋部骨折低约 12%,但不显著(HR 0.88,0.72–1.08)。它看起来划算,是因为「骨头是钙做的,多吃钙就长得快」这个直觉
需要注意什么
争议:有两处小苗头。丹麦一项试验找了 30 名上臂近肩处骨折的老年女性,她们有骨质疏松或骨量偏低。每天吃 800 IU 维 D 加 1 克钙的人,第 6 周骨折处骨密度更高(0.623 对 0.570 g/cm²)。但它只量了骨密度,没看骨头长没长好,人也太少。那项 102 人的试验事后拆开看,大剂量维 D 的人功能评分略好,作者说还要再做试验确认。本来就缺维 D 的人另说。荷兰一项跟踪记录里,补了以后仍然缺的人,愈合拖慢的占 9.7%。本来不缺的人占 0.3%,补上来的人占 1.7%。这只是跟踪记录,证明不了因果。查出缺了,按医生说的补到正常。已经确诊骨质疏松、或者轻轻一摔就骨折的人,要的是抗骨质疏松药,见第 1 节第 40 条(抗骨质疏松药),钙片代替不了它。不缺维 D 的人长期补没有好处,见本节第 3 条(补维生素 D)。要否掉的是「额外猛补」,不是少吃钙,三餐里的钙照常吃够,见本节第 21 条(防肾结石把钙戒掉)。刚摔了怀疑骨折怎么办,见第 13 节第 41 条(怀疑骨折)。收益定中,是按一年钙片和维 D 的钱算的。受益人是你自己。
查看出处
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金融监管总局福建监管局 2022 年的风险提示讲了这个套路。客户 A 资质不够,贷不下来。中介说要加一个担保人,让 A 去找资质好的 B。实际办的时候,中介用 B 的身份信息申请贷款,钱给 A 用。原文说「借款人实质为B」,B「直至被银行催收才知本人是借款人而非担保人」。山东监管局 2024 年的提示说,中介会向 B 承诺「不用承担任何责任」。中介还会事先教 B 怎么应付银行的贷前调查,实际由 B 作为借款人申请贷款。上海普陀区法院 2024 年公布过一起案子。业务员拿着 B 的手机下载银行 App,直接用 B 的名义申请贷款。钱到了 B 的账户,B 转给了 A,A 又付了 8 万多元手续费。中介一伙 8 人以合同诈骗罪被判 10 个月到 4 年。中介判了刑,这笔贷款也不会因此变成别人的。民法典第一百四十九条写着,第三人欺诈的,对方「知道或者应当知道」,受骗的一方才能请求撤销。这里的对方是银行,银行不知情就撤不掉。能撤的,要在知道被骗之日起 1 年内向法院请求(第一百五十二条)。借款人要按约定的期限还钱(第六百七十五条)。合同只约束签合同的人(第四百六十五条)。把债转给别人,要经银行同意(第五百五十一条)。所以 A 写的承诺书管不到银行。钱只能自己起诉 A 去要。替人刷了脸、没看合同,法院也认。内江市市中区法院 2025 年审结过一个案子:蒋某向小贷公司借钱,自己一个人借不到。张某的儿子背着她,把她的身份信息给了蒋某,让她当共同借款人。借款流程里要她本人刷脸,她刷了,但没看合同。法院说她「应当预见人脸识别的重要性及法律后果」,判她和蒋某一起还剩下的本金 6 万多元。电子签名法写明,「可靠的电子签名与手写签名或者盖章具有同等的法律效力」。反电信网络诈骗法规定,任何人「不得提供实名核验帮助」,违反的要罚款,情节严重的拘留。普通程序一审 6 个月内审结,可以延长。律师费不在法定的诉讼费用里,要自己出(全国)
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Manzoli L, et al. (2007). Marital status and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 64:77–94. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.031>;Roelfs DJ, et al. (2011). The rising relative risk of mortality for singles: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Am J Epidemiol 174(4):379–389. <https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr111>;Wang Y, et al. (2020). Sex differences in the association between marital status and the risk of cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7,881,040 individuals. Glob Health Res Policy 5:4. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00133-8>
Roddy MK, Walsh LM, Rothman K, Hatch SG, Doss BD (2020). Meta-analysis of couple therapy: effects across outcomes, designs, timeframes, and other moderators. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(7), 583-596. <https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000514>;Lebow JL, Chambers AL, Christensen A, Johnson SM (2012). Research on the treatment of couple distress. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 145-168. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00249.x>;Christensen A, Atkins DC, Baucom B, Yi J (2010). Marital status and satisfaction five years following a randomized clinical trial comparing traditional versus integrative behavioral couple therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 225-235. <https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018132>;Rathgeber M, Bürkner PC, Schiller EM, Holling H (2019). The efficacy of emotionally focused couples therapy and behavioral couples therapy: a meta-analysis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 45(3), 447-463. <https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12336>(争议方);Shadish WR, Baldwin SA (2003). Meta-analysis of MFT interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(4), 547-570. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01694.x>(争议方);Karakurt G, Whiting K, van Esch C, Bolen SD, Calabrese JR (2016). Couples therapy for intimate partner violence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(4), 567-583. <https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12178>;全国人大常委会 (2018 修正). 精神卫生法(第二十三、五十一条). <https://flk.npc.gov.cn/detail?id=2c909fdd678bf17901678bf7448a066d>(国家法律法规数据库)
只有这一项研究,样本小,而且是在意大利做的,所以定 B 级。标题、出处和摘要经 Crossref 与 Semantic Scholar 核对过,全文里的效果数字本节没有核实。落到操作上:没人肯预付、没人肯下小单,就别相信「做出来就有人买」。
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Camuffo A, Cordova A, Gambardella A, Spina C (2020). A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial. Management Science 66(2):564-586. <https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249>
Sasson C 等 (2010). Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576> ; Zheng J 等 (2023). Incidence, process of care, and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in China: a prospective study of the BASIC-OHCA registry. The Lancet Public Health. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00173-1> ; 全国人大 (2020). 民法典(第一百八十四条). <https://www.spp.gov.cn/spp/fl/202006/t20200602_463888.shtml>
Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al. (2014). Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet, 384(9958), 1929-1935. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60584-5>
定 B 是因为 EXPRESS 不是随机试验。它比的是同一片人群改做法之前、之后两段时间,两段之间别的条件也可能变了,这部分分不开。眼前一黑几分钟又自己恢复,最容易被当成「累的」「低血糖」放过去。它是短暂性脑缺血发作的一种,接下来几天正是卒中高发的窗口。不疼、不红、不流泪的单眼看不见,尤其要当回事。别等第二天挂眼科门诊,直接去有卒中中心的医院急诊。
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Mac Grory B, Schrag M, Biousse V, et al. (2021). Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Stroke, 52(6), e282-e294. <https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000366> ; Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, et al. (2007). Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet, 370(9596), 1432-1442. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61448-2>
Zhou L, Wu S, Wang Y, Bao X, Peng T, Luo W, Ortega-Usobiaga J (2022). Clinical presentation of acute primary angle closure during the COVID-19 epidemic lockdown. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 1078237. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1078237> ; Sung MS, Kim HJ, Park SW (2023). Predictors of long-term visual field outcome after an episode of acute primary angle closure. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 51(4), 291-299. <https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.14206> ; Wang J, Wang J, Ng TK, Huang C (2025). Asymmetric intraocular pressure changes in dominant and contralateral eyes: the dark room prone provocative test. Seminars in Ophthalmology, 40(4), 325-331. <https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2024.2443972>
Karkabi B, Meir G, Zafrir B, et al. (2021). Door-to-balloon time and mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes. <https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa037>
Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, et al. (2000). The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA, 283(7), 897-903. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.7.897>
Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti MLA, et al. (2013). Clinical decision rules to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage for acute headache. JAMA, 310(12), 1248-1255. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278018>
Zhang J 等 (2021). Expert consensus on drug treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Chinese Neurosurgical Journal, 7(1), 47. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s41016-021-00263-z> ; Dziho A 等 (2025). Global prevalence and incidence of chronic subdural hematoma: A systematic review. Brain and Spine, 5, 105893. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2025.105893> ; Mathon B, Shotar E (2026). Diagnostic and therapeutic management of chronic subdural hematoma in elderly patients. Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 24(1), 30-41. <https://doi.org/10.1684/pnv.2026.1274>
Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M (1999). Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet, 353(9162), 1386-1389. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07534-5> ; WHO (2007). Study results released on travel and blood clots. <https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2007-study-results-released-on-travel-and-blood-clots>
Teixeira PGR 等 (2018). Civilian Prehospital Tourniquet Use Is Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Injury. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.01.047> ; Kragh JF 等 (2009). Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Annals of Surgery. <https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818842ba> ; 中国医师协会急诊医师分会等 (2020). 止血带的急诊应用专家共识. 中华急诊医学杂志 29(6):773-779:「院前急救时,止血带一旦使用则不建议松开,除非得到可以替代的彻底止血的救治」「最长使用时间不应超过2 h。但如果客观情况无法到医院救治或者无替代止血办法,则在得到正规救援前不解除止血带」. <https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2020.06.006>,全文 <http://www.cem.org.cn/rhtml/20200606/index.htm>
Griffin BR, Frear CC, Babl F, Oakley E, Kimble RM (2020). Cool Running Water First Aid Decreases Skin Grafting Requirements in Pediatric Burns: A Cohort Study of Two Thousand Four Hundred Ninety-five Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 75(1), 75-85. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.06.028>;Griffin B, Cabilan CJ, Ayoub B, et al. (2022). The effect of 20 minutes of cool running water first aid within three hours of thermal burn injury on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australasian Emergency Care, 25(4), 367-376. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2022.05.004>
中国医药教育协会等 (2022). 过敏性休克急救临床实践指南(2020). Frontiers in Pharmacology:「Epinephrine is the first-line medicine in GRADE II to IV anaphylaxis」「Intramuscular epinephrine should be injected in the mid-anterolateral thigh」,成人肌注上限 0.5 mg、14 岁以下 0.3 mg,无反应可每 5–15 分钟重复一次. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.845689>;Muraro A, et al. (2022). EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update). Allergy. <https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15032>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 癫痫发作急救:「Don't hold the person down or stop their movements」「Don't put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw」「Don't offer water or food until they are fully alert」「Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911」. <https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html>
意识不清的人不要喂东西,会呛进气管,直接叫 120。同一份标准还建议,打胰岛素的人、容易低血糖的人,都该备一份胰高血糖素。原文是「All individuals treated with insulin or who are at high risk of hypoglycemia...should be prescribed glucagon」。鼻喷的和事先装好药的针剂,比要临时兑药的好用。这些做法默认是给你自己或者家里的糖尿病人准备的,随身带糖也是给他们带的。
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美国糖尿病学会 (2025). 糖尿病诊疗标准 2025·第 6 章 血糖目标与低血糖. Diabetes Care:分级「Level 1: Glucose <70 mg/dL (<3.9 mmol/L) and ≥54 mg/dL (≥3.0 mmol/L)」「Level 2: Glucose <54 mg/dL (<3.0 mmol/L)」「Level 3: A severe event characterized by altered mental and/or physical status requiring assistance for treatment of hypoglycemia, irrespective of glucose level」;处理「For most individuals, 15 g carbohydrates should be ingested」「Fifteen minutes after initial treatment, repeat the treatment if hypoglycemia persists」. <https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-S006>
US CDC. What to Do to Protect Yourself From Electrical Hazards(First aid 一节). <https://www.cdc.gov/natural-disasters/response/what-to-do-protect-yourself-from-electrical-hazards.html>;Spies C, Trohman RG (2006). Narrative review: Electrocution and life-threatening electrical injuries. Annals of Internal Medicine 145(7):531-537. <https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00011>
You J, Liu J, Zhou M (2020). Number of Deaths due to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Month and by Place of Death — China, 2018. China CDC Weekly 2(2):32:「In 2018, there were 11,523 deaths caused by carbon monoxide poisoning reported in China」. <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.008>;美国疾病控制与预防中心. 一氧化碳中毒:「More than 400 Americans die from unintentional CO poisoning not linked to fires」「More than 100,000 visit an emergency department」「More than 14,000 are hospitalized」,常见症状「headache, dizziness, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion」. <https://www.cdc.gov/carbon-monoxide/about/index.html>;美国消费品安全委员会. 一氧化碳信息中心:「If you suspect CO poisoning, get outside to fresh air immediately, and then call 911」. <https://www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Education-Centers/Carbon-Monoxide-Information-Center>
US National Weather Service. Heat Related Illnesses. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-illness> ; 云南省疾控局 (2026). 出现这些症状,你可能是中暑了. <https://ynsjkj.yn.gov.cn/html/2026/jikongkepu_0719/2606.html> ; 中国疾病预防控制中心. 高温天气,中国疾控中心提醒您谨防中暑:「如有条件可用冷水浸泡的方法对无基础疾病的青壮年快速降温。老人和有基础疾病的患者可向皮肤喷水通过蒸发降温。降温应遵循"先降温,后转运" 的原则」. <https://www.chinacdc.cn/jkkp/ggws/hjyssj/202409/t20240906_296985.html> ; 国家卫生健康委 (2010). 高温中暑预防知识要点. <https://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/jbyfykz/201007/1edb19b7dd4e4bdf8da5ea45f4a64e23.shtml> ; Eifling KP 等 (2024). Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Illness: 2024 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 35(1_suppl):112S-127S. <https://doi.org/10.1177/10806032241227924>(正文站点拒绝自动抓取,具体推荐按荒野医学会官网的更新摘要核对:「cold water immersion … is the most important method of treating severe heat illness」「If CWI is unavailable, evaporative cooling is the recommended second-line treatment. … generally half as fast as CWI」<https://wms.org/magazine/magazine/1540/Heat-Illness-CPG/default.aspx>);Lipman GS 等 (2019). 同指南 2019 版. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2018.10.004>
US National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus. Choking – adult or child over 1 year. <https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000047.htm>;福州市卫生健康委员会 (2026). 海姆立克急救法更新了:「1岁以上幼儿、儿童及成人:从旧版单一腹部冲击改为"5次背部拍击+5次腹部冲击"的循环」「中国红十字系统急救培训一直都是按"5次背部拍击+5次腹部冲击"循环进行的方式进行教学」. <https://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zgfzzt/swjw/fzwj/jkkp/202601/t20260108_5268351.htm>
C 级原因是这些都是官方提示,不是研究数据。饮水量、报备、信号覆盖、待在车旁、求救信号都是官方原话。流传的「三声一组」没有找到官方原文,所以改写成官方的三堆火和三短三长三短。不要在正午徒步找路。不要喝尿。不要为了省水而不喝。
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US National Park Service. Mojave National Preserve Safety. <https://www.nps.gov/moja/planyourvisit/safety.htm> ; US National Park Service. Death Valley Safety. <https://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/safety.htm> ; US National Park Service. Desert Driving Safety. <https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/desertdrivingsafety.htm> ; 重庆市应急管理局 (2024). 应急科普>>在野外你需要了解的求救信号(长图):「燃放三堆火焰是国际通行的求救信号,将火堆摆成三角形」「三声短三声长,再三声短;间隔1分钟之后再重复」. <https://yjj.cq.gov.cn/yjkp/scshaq/202409/t20240918_13639172.html> ; 文化和旅游部 (2018). 文化和旅游部提醒游客谨慎选择户外探险旅游:「谨慎前往无人区和人烟稀少区」「尽量多车同行,提前准备对讲机,必要时租用卫星电话」. <https://www.mct.gov.cn/zxbs/cxts/201811/t20181127_836244.htm>
US National Weather Service. During Extreme Cold. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-during> ; Dow J 等 (2019). Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Out-of-Hospital Evaluation and Treatment of Accidental Hypothermia: 2019 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2019.10.002>
WHO. 动物咬伤 实况报道. <https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/animal-bites> ; WHO (2023). 蛇咬伤中毒 实况报道. <https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/snakebite-envenoming> ; Lai R 等 (2024). The Chinese guideline for management of snakebites. World Journal of Emergency Medicine 15(5):333-355:「An estimated 250,000–280,000 cases of venomous snakebites occur in China each year, affecting mainly patients aged ≥50 years」. <https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.076> ; Yan S 等 (2026). Clinical epidemiology of snakebite envenoming in hospitals 11 provinces of Yangtze River Basin and southern regions of China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases:「withdrawal (4346, 10.65%), and death (23, 0.06%)」. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013247>
中国地震局(安徽省地震局制作). 地震来了,是躲还是跑?(科普视频,字幕转录). <https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/dzpd/dzcs/5537260/index.html>;Armenian HK, Noji EK, Oganesian AP (1992). A case-control study of injuries arising from the earthquake in Armenia, 1988. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 70(2), 251-257. <https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1600585>;US FEMA Ready.gov. Earthquakes. <https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes>;Mahue-Giangreco M, Mack W, Seligson H, Bourque LB (2001). Risk factors associated with moderate and serious injuries attributable to the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. Annals of Epidemiology, 11(5), 347-357. <https://doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00220-4>
B 级只对应熊。野猪和野狗的「不跑、慢退、找高处或者障碍物挡」是经验,算 C 级,国家林草局和地方林草的官方提示本次未找到。不要拿食物引,不要凑近拍照,不要带狗进有野猪的山。中国的熊多是黑熊和棕熊,装死还是不装死,按这两种分开看。
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US National Park Service. Staying Safe Around Bears. <https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm> ;国家疾控局综合司、国家卫生健康委办公厅 (2023). 狂犬病暴露预防处置工作规范(2023 年版). <https://www.ndcpa.gov.cn/jbkzzx/c100014/common/content/content_1706569159854649344.html>
美国国家气象局. 户外雷电安全:「There is no safe place outside when thunderstorms are in the area」「Avoid open fields, the top of a hill or a ridge top. Stay away from tall, isolated trees or other tall objects」「Stay away from water, wet items, such as ropes, and metal objects, such as fences and poles」;实在走不了时「If you are in a group, spread out to avoid the current traveling between group members」;恢复活动「Wait 30 minutes until after the last rumble of thunder」. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-outdoors>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 黄皮书·高海拔旅行与高原病:「Any unacclimatized traveler proceeding to a sleeping altitude of ≥2,450 m (≥8,000 ft)—and sometimes lower—is at risk for altitude illness」;上升速度「500 m (1,650 ft) per night in sleeping altitude once above 3,000 m (9,800 ft)」,每上升 1000 米加一天适应日;乙酰唑胺预防「125 mg twice a day; 250 mg twice a day if >100 kg body weight」;「If symptoms become worse despite rest or treatment at the same elevation」必须下撤. <https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/high-altitude-travel-and-altitude-illness.html>;荒野医学会 (2024). 急性高原病预防、诊断与治疗临床实践指南(2024 更新). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.05.013>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 被蜱叮咬之后:「Grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible using clean fine-tipped tweezers」「Pull tick away from the skin with steady, even pressure」「Do not use petroleum jelly, heat, nail polish, or other substances to try and make the tick detach from the skin. This may agitate the tick and force infected fluid from the tick into the skin」. <https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/after-a-tick-bite/index.html>;Ren Q 等 (2026). Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in China, 2010–2024: a fifteen-year national surveillance analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases 26:1497:「The number of reported cases (6,602 cases) and deaths (306 cases) in 2024 were both the highest levels since the discovery of this disease」「The average CFR was 4.79%, and the CFR increased with age, reaching 9.15% among those aged 85 years and above」. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14066-z>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 黄皮书·旅行者的水消毒:「All organisms that may cause illness from drinking water are killed within seconds at boiling temperature」「CDC recommends that travelers boil water for a full minute to account for user variability in identifying boiling points and to add a margin of safety」「Although the boiling point for water decreases with increasing elevation, at common travel elevations the temperature needed to achieve boiling is still well above the temperature required to inactivate enteric pathogens」. <https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/preparing-international-travelers/water-disinfection-for-travelers.html>
定 B 是因为这是指南里的公认做法,没有随机试验,总不能把伤者分成「拔」和「不拔」两组来试。唯一的例外是异物堵住气道、人喘不上气。到了医院直接找急诊门口那张分轻重缓急的台子(预检分诊台),报「穿透伤」。这属于要立刻进抢救室的那一级,不要去挂号窗口排队(见第 24 节第 7 条)。真扎穿了就打 120,救护车会提前通知医院准备接诊。大出血怎么压、怎么上止血带见第 12 条。
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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 256–257、267–268 页. <https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%20International%20First%20Aid,%20Resuscitation%20and%20Education%20Guidelines%202025.pdf>
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定 B 是因为支撑这套手法的主要是病例报告,没有「照做能少死多少人」的数字。收益定「大」是凭判断:完全堵住的气道几分钟内就会让孩子心跳停下。受益的几乎都是自家孩子。1 岁以上的孩子和成人改按肚子,见本节第 26 条(噎住拍背加腹部冲击)。按胸口用什么手法,各家写法不同。美国指南和国内红十字新版用一只手的掌根,国际红十字用两个拇指,老教程用两根手指。2025 年美国指南因为两指按不够深,已经不再推荐它。急救时用哪种都比不按强。东西咳出来了也要去医院看,可能有碎块留在肺里。硬币、小玩具这类小东西放到孩子够不着的地方。孩子没反应之后怎么做,见本节第 44 条(婴儿心肺复苏)。
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原文建议:出生时的维生素 K 针一定要打。 新生儿身体里存的维生素 K 很少,不补可能出血,晚出现的那种常常是脑子里出血。
注意事项摘录:在中国的正规医院生孩子,医院会常规打这一针,不用自己操心。 完整条件见阅读全文。
阅读全文
20-07 · 原第 20 节第 7 条
原文标题
出生时的维生素 K 针一定要打
原文说明
新生儿身体里存的维生素 K 很少,不补可能出血,晚出现的那种常常是脑子里出血。在没普遍打这一针的地方,每 10 万个新生儿有 478 个出这种血。打了这一针,估计能少掉七成八以上。国内正规医院会常规打,在家生或在不正规机构生的,要主动问一句打了没有。
做这件事要考虑什么
0 元到几十元。这笔钱通常已经包含在住院生孩子的费用里,不用另外交
详细数字与解释
新生儿体内存的维生素 K 很少。不补充可能出现维生素 K 缺乏性出血,晚出现的那一种常常表现为颅内出血(脑子里出血)。比利时的共识建议是「出生时肌肉注射 1 或 2 毫克维生素 K 一次」。在没有系统提供预防的地区,维生素 K 缺乏性出血的发生率是每 10 万人 478 例,这个数字来自塔什干的 4.2 万名新生儿。作者估计,做了预防可以使发生率下降「高于 78.5%」
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你要做的是不是 EDI 那一类,自己拿《电信业务分类目录》里的定义对号入座。官方没有任何一句话明说「带撮合和资金处理的电商平台必须办 EDI 许可」。工信部的办事指南只说「按照业务界定申请相应的电信业务经营许可」。所以要不要办,只能拿定义自己判断。还有一点:这张证个人办不了,申请人必须是依法设立的公司。自营不用办证那三种情形,出自广东省通信管理局的问答,它写明是按工信部要求,但别的省没查到同样的公开文字。拿不准就先打电话问属地的通信管理局。这份问答也提醒,办证不用找中介,只在工信部「电信业务市场综合管理信息系统」上交材料,官方不收费
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这些数字是把期刊报过的病例一例一例数出来的。里面只有出事的人数,没有打针的总人数。所以算不出「打一针有多大概率失明」,只看得出哪些部位出事多、事后基本救不回来。证据记 B 级也是因为这个。正规机构降低风险的做法本来就是常规:先查清要打的地方底下血管怎么走,用钝头针不用尖针,边退针边少量推,事先备好透明质酸酶。每一样都要求动手的是受过训练的医生,这也是别找非正规渠道的理由。做之前先按本节第 2 条(查机构许可证和主诊医师)核一遍。
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Beleznay K et al. (2019). Update on Avoiding and Treating Blindness From Fillers: A Recent Review of the World Literature. Aesthet Surg J. <https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz053>
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各项研究测出来的比例从 2.21% 一直到 56.67%,差得极大。原因是用的问卷和调查的人群都不一样。所以只能读出「这个比例不低、值得先筛一次」,不能把 15.04% 当准确数字,记 B 级也是因为这个。想做医美的人绝大多数没有心理问题。本条针对的是「反复、持续、已经影响到工作和社交」这一小部分人,手术解决不了他们的问题。判断线索有这几条:一天里花很长时间检查或者遮挡某个部位,因此回避社交或者拍照,做完一处又盯上下一处。
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Ribeiro RVE (2017). Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Plastic Surgery and Dermatology Patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-017-0869-0>
国家药监局医疗器械技术审评中心 2022 年的《无托槽矫治器注册审查指导原则》说,这种牙套「管理类别为Ⅱ类」。它要求说明书写明「治疗过程中需在具有口腔正畸专业资质医师的指导下进行佩戴」,还要写「进食、刷牙及定期复诊的要求」。产品名称「不建议含有“隐形”等虚无、假设的概念性名称」。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)的说法是:「The FDA has not authorized clear aligners that are sold directly to consumers without a prescription and supervision by a dentist or orthodontist」,意思是不经牙医开方和监督、直接卖给个人的透明牙套,它一个都没批准过。FDA 还说:「In-person examination by a dentist or orthodontist can help lower the risks of uneven bite, unintended tooth movement, pain, and tooth loss」,也就是牙医当面检查能降低咬合不齐、牙齿移位、疼痛和掉牙的风险。开始戴以后定期当面复诊,才能确认牙在按计划安全移动。这两份都是监管文件,没有给出出事的比例
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跟孩子说的时候别编「出远门了」,监护和抚养的安排要落到书面。给 B 不是因为数字不硬。这是三个国家全体人口的跟踪研究,数字本身够 A 级。给 B 是因为从这个数字到「怎么跟孩子说、要不要参加告别」的具体做法之间,没有直接试验证据。作者也写明,丧亲后亲子关系和孩子生活方式的数据都缺。升高里既有天生体质的成分,也有丧亲留下的长期影响。指定监护人和安排财产见第 17 节。孩子的抚养费和上学见第 18 节。
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Li J, et al. (2014). Mortality after parental death in childhood: a nationwide cohort study from three Nordic countries. PLoS Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001679>
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给 B 是因为原文给的是推荐力度的评级,不是能换算成数字的效果。它还是美国的推荐,国内没有对应的官方筛查建议。筛查结果是阳性,只说明要再做一次评估,不等于确诊。有自杀念头时的处置见第 1 节第 25 条。家里的应对见第 29 节。
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US Preventive Services Task Force (2022). Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.16946>;教育部办公厅 (2025). 进一步加强中小学生心理健康工作十条措施(教基厅〔2025〕2 号). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202510/content_7045528.htm>
去办之前先问清三件事:要开什么医疗证明,休学这段时间学籍在系统里怎么记,复学是回原来的年级还是降一级。给 B 是因为休学要什么条件、交什么材料、复学怎么接上,都由省级教育部门自己定,全国层面只搭了个框架。《未成年人学校保护规定》还要求义务教育学校把辍学、休学和长期请假的学生登记备案,所以休学是学校办过的事,不是给你一个人开特例。
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给 A 是因为有 Cochrane 和多项抽签试验合并出来的数字。试验里的课有几个共同点。带课的人教具体做法,比如陪孩子玩、夸奖、奖励和管教。家长在课上练习、演练,回家还有作业。只发资料或者只讨论的课被排除在外,所以证据管不到只听一场讲座的那种。国内公益家长学校讲什么、怎么讲,各地不一样,未必是这一类。挑课时看它是不是连上几周、让你练具体做法。课名里常见的有 Triple P、Incredible Years、亲子互动治疗(PCIT)。本书不推荐具体机构和收费产品。打骂少了的效果一两年后变小,课上完还得接着练。受益人是孩子,也是你自己。孩子已经有严重的情绪问题,带去精神科或儿童心理科,见本节第 8 条(抑郁筛查)。
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Furlong M, McGilloway S, Bywater T, Hutchings J, Smith SM, Donnelly M. (2012). Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD008225. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008225.pub2>;Backhaus S, Leijten P, Jochim J, Melendez-Torres GJ, Gardner F. (2023). Effects over time of parenting interventions to reduce physical and emotional violence against children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 60, 102003. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102003>;Guo M, Morawska A, Sanders MR. (2016). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Triple P With Chinese Parents in Mainland China. Behavior Modification, 40(6), 825–851. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445516644221>;Wang W, Zhang H. (2026). A self-directed parenting program to reduce the risk of child maltreatment in rural China: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 173, 107937. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107937>;全国人大常委会 (2021). 家庭教育促进法(第十八、二十五、三十一、三十八、四十条). <https://flk.npc.gov.cn/detail?id=ff8081817cac3b2d017cac5a6c6f0109>
给 C 是因为只有个案,没有这类学校出事多少的统计。合肥那起只有媒体报道,报道引用了一审判决书和二审裁定书,法院官网上没找到判决原文。豫章书院那起是新华社报道的法院宣判。孩子爱打游戏,先按本节第 14 条(孩子爱打游戏)看睡觉、作业和出门活动有没有被挤掉。成绩、睡觉、家里关系一起垮了,劝也停不下来,带孩子去精神科或儿童心理科,由医生诊断再治。已经送进去的,把孩子接回来。孩子说被关、被打,报警。受益人是孩子。
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IRCC. Work off campus as an international student. <https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/study-canada/work/work-off-campus.html>;U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Study in the States. Working in the United States. <https://studyinthestates.dhs.gov/students/work/working-in-the-united-states>;UK Home Office. Immigration Rules Appendix Student(ST26.1). <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules/immigration-rules-appendix-student>
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UK Government. Student visa. <https://www.gov.uk/student-visa>;UK Government. Pay for UK healthcare as part of your immigration application. <https://www.gov.uk/healthcare-immigration-application>
定 B 是因为那三个现场动作背后没有随机对照试验,只有共识和生理学推理。综述自己也说,这些办法多数只有非对照研究支撑。用药那一段是医生的事,家里不要自己给降压药。让人躺平会让血压更高,所以要扶坐直。家属和护工也要会这三步。别把它当普通头痛扛过去。
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Krassioukov A, Warburton DE, Teasell R, Eng JJ; Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team (2009). A systematic review of the management of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(4):682-695. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.10.017>
Schulz R, Beach SR (1999). Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA, 282(23):2215-2219. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.23.2215>
定 B 的原因有两条。一是样本只有 232 人,主要终点的 P 值 0.04 刚过线,次要终点没有做出差别。二是人群是养老院里的高龄住户,套到年轻的轮椅使用者身上属于往外推。试验里所有人都先配了合身的轮椅,所以「合身」和「坐垫」是一起起作用的,别只换坐垫。长期卧床的压疮防护,气垫床和定时翻身,见第 17 节第 8 条(压疮)。基本型辅助器具的配置补贴怎么申请,见本节第 7 条(去县级残联问全)。
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Brienza D, Kelsey S, Karg P, et al. (2010). A randomized clinical trial on preventing pressure ulcers with wheelchair seat cushions. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(12):2308-2314. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03168.x>
Langhorne P, Ramachandra S; Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration (2020). Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4:CD000197. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000197.pub4>;AVERT Trial Collaboration group (2015). Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 386(9988):46-55. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60690-0>
Lin FR, Pike JR, Albert MS, et al.; ACHIEVE Collaborative Research Group (2023). Hearing intervention versus health education control to reduce cognitive decline in older adults with hearing loss in the USA (ACHIEVE): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 402(10404):786-797. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01406-X>
对乙酰氨基酚也叫扑热息痛。复方感冒药的通用名里带「氨酚」两个字的,比如氨酚伪麻、氨咖黄敏,就含这个成分。拿不准就把几盒药都拿给药店的药师看。定 B 是因为美国那组数字是病例登记,没有对照组,算不出看了成分表能少出多少事。收益定「大」是按后果定的:急性肝衰竭里有近三成直接死亡。
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Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, et al.; Acute Liver Failure Study Group (2005). Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology, 42(6):1364-1372. <https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20948>;国家药监局关于修订对乙酰氨基酚常释及缓释制剂说明书的公告(2020年第15号)及附件2《对乙酰氨基酚常释制剂非处方药说明书修订要求》(湖南省药品监督管理局转载). <http://mpa.hunan.gov.cn/mpa/xxgk/tzgg/wjtz/202003/t20200311_11809335.html>;21 CFR 201.326(a)(1)(iii)(A) Liver warning. <https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-201/subpart-G/section-201.326>
Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, Khan AS, Shahriari A, Schonberger LB (1999). Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(18):1377-1382. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199905063401801>;关于加强尼美舒利口服制剂使用管理的通知(国食药监安〔2011〕209号). <https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/fgwj/gzwj/gzwjyp/20110515145101552.html>;国家药监局关于修订安乃近相关品种说明书的公告(2020年第34号)及附件1至3. <https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/directory/web/nmpa/xxgk/ggtg/ypggtg/ypshmshxdgg/20200317171201660.html>
Coxib and traditional NSAID Trialists' (CNT) Collaboration; Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, et al. (2013). Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet, 382(9894):769-779. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9>;21 CFR 201.326(a)(2)(iii)(A) Stomach bleeding warning. <https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-201/subpart-G/section-201.326>
国家药监局关于修订氨酚麻美口服溶液等14个品种药品说明书的公告(2021年第57号)及附件. <https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/directory/web/nmpa/xxgk/ggtg/ypggtg/ypshmshxdgg/20210423105404141.html>;Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T (2014). Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11):CD001831. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5>
FDA 提醒,很多治感冒、流感、失眠的非处方药里也含这类成分,要看成分表。美国非处方药标签原来只警告怀孕最后 3 个月,这次把界线提前到了 20 周左右。小剂量阿司匹林防子痫前期,见第 27 节第 5 条(小剂量阿司匹林)。定 B 是因为数字来自不良事件报告,有多少人吃了药却没出事不知道。收益定「中」是判断:结局严重,但发生得少。
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2020-10-15). FDA recommends avoiding use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later because they can result in low amniotic fluid. Drug Safety Communication. <https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic>
Kenealy T, Arroll B (2025). Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11:CD000247. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub4>
World Health Organization (2005). The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers, 4th revision. <https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43209>;Hahn S, Kim S, Garner P (2002). Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1):CD002847. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002847>
药名里带「咖」字的止痛片,一般加了咖啡因,按复方算 10 天。一个月里头痛的天数越来越多,就去神经内科看,别只靠加药。定 B 是因为分类标准给的是诊断门槛,不是对照试验。收益定「中」是判断:它换回的是少头痛的日子,不涉及死亡。
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Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (2018). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia, 38(1):1-211. <https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202>;ICHD-3 在线版 8.2 Medication-overuse headache(含 8.2.3、8.2.5). <https://ichd-3.org/8-headache-attributed-to-a-substance-or-its-withdrawal/8-2-medication-overuse-headache-moh/>
各地的垃圾分类目录不完全一样,以小区垃圾房贴的目录为准。上海把中药药渣归入湿垃圾,不算有害垃圾。留下来的药放在原盒里,别倒进分药盒或别的瓶子,放到孩子够不着的地方,见第 13 节第 20 条(误服)。家里剩的抗生素也别自己拿来吃,见本节第 7 条(抗生素)。美国在没有回收点时,让人把药混进咖啡渣、猫砂再封袋扔进普通垃圾,少数强效止痛药允许冲马桶。这是美国的做法,国内按当地分类投放。定 B 是因为美国那几组数字只是登记,没有研究算过清理药箱能少多少次误吃。收益定「小」:手里的数字是急诊次数,不是死亡,也算不出清理这个动作的效果。
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Lovegrove MC, Weidle NJ, Budnitz DS (2015). Trends in Emergency Department Visits for Unsupervised Pediatric Medication Exposures, 2004-2013. Pediatrics, 136(4):e821-e829. <https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2092>;Agarwal M, Lovegrove MC, Geller RJ, et al. (2020). Circumstances Involved in Unsupervised Solid Dose Medication Exposures among Young Children. Journal of Pediatrics, 219:188-195.e6. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.12.027>;生态环境部等 (2024). 国家危险废物名录(2025年版),附录《危险废物豁免管理清单》第 1 项. <https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2025/issue_11906/202503/content_7011162.html>;上海市绿化和市容管理局 (2024). 上海市生活垃圾分类投放指引(2024版)(沪绿容〔2024〕278号). <https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/gwk/search/content/40b9feaa-53db-472f-8a6b-2c3cf0465def>;上海市绿化和市容管理局、上海市环境保护局、上海市食品药品监督管理局 (2018). 关于规范生活垃圾分类有害垃圾全程管理的通知. <https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw12344/20200813/0001-12344_57440.html>;U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2025). Where and How to Dispose of Unused Medicines. <https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/where-and-how-dispose-unused-medicines>