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中国气象局 (2019). 想要冰上健步走,多厚的冰才安全? <https://www.cma.gov.cn/kppd/kppdqxyr/kppdtyqx/201901/t20190124_513302.html>;北京市水务局 (2024). 北京正规河湖冰场还未达开放标准,别冒险滑「野冰」. <https://swj.beijing.gov.cn/swdt/ztzl/fnsbaqztxc/fnszlxx/202412/t20241226_3973959.html>;Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. General ice thickness guidelines. <https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/safety/ice/thickness.html>;Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Ice safety. <https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/safety/ice/index.html>;Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Steps for surviving immersion. <https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/safety/ice/survival.html>;National Weather Service. Winter Weather Safety: Ice and Frost. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/winter-ice-frost>;Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Working on or near Ice Covered Water - Basic Information. <https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/work_ice.html>
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给 B 的原因:烟雾报警器这边只有一项研究,做法是回头比对出事和没出事的家庭,不是随机分组的试验。一氧化碳报警器本身没有降低死亡率的研究。这里的收益是按「中毒死亡集中在冬季、集中在家中」推出来的。
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Marshall SW 等 (1998). Fatal residential fires: who dies and who survives? JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.20.1633> ; USFA (2022). Fatal Fires in Residential Buildings (2018-2020), Topical Fire Report Series 22(2). <https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/statistics/v22i2.pdf> ; You J 等 (2020). Number of Deaths due to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Month and by Place of Death — China, 2018. China CDC Weekly. <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.008>
条例原文能逐字核对,但它只说明到期换管是你的义务,不说明换了能少出多少事故。按年限换管能把燃气事故降多少,没找到官方统计数字,所以只给 C 级。有人以「安检」名义上门,检查完就推销自闭阀和报警器。条例第二十条第六项不许燃气公司要求你买它指定的产品,你可以拒绝,也可以投诉。闻到燃气味,先关燃气总阀,瓶装气关钢瓶阀门。再开门开窗通风,别开排气扇。电灯、抽油烟机这些电器一律别开也别关,打火机也别碰。然后人撤出去,离开现场再打燃气公司的报警电话。一氧化碳中毒是另一件事,见第 13 节。
Mushroom Poisoning Outbreaks — China, 2025. China CDC Weekly (2026):「In 2025, China CDC investigated 828 mushroom poisoning incidents across 27 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs), affecting 2,165 individuals and causing 13 deaths - a case fatality rate of 0.6%, the lowest of the past six years. In total, 138 poisonous mushroom species were identified, including 34 newly recorded in poisoning incidents in China.」「From 2019 to 2024, the annual number of incidents ranged from 276 to 676, and the case fatality rate ranged from 0.87% to 2.86%.」<https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2026.120>;同刊 2024 年度报告 <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2025.106>
Deisenhammer EA, Ing CM, Strauss R, Kemmler G, Hinterhuber H, Weiss EM (2009). The duration of the suicidal process: how much time is left for intervention between consideration and accomplishment of a suicide attempt? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(1), 19-24. <https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.07m03904>;Owens D, Horrocks J, House A (2002). Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 193-199. <https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.3.193>
Gawarammana IB, Buckley NA (2011). Medical management of paraquat ingestion. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 72(5), 745-757. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04026.x>;Chowdhury FR 等 (2026). Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Paraquat Poisoning: A Toxicological Crisis in Bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 115, 176-182. <https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.25-0719>;Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, et al. (2002). Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(14), 1057-1067. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013121>;Parkinson RB, Hopkins RO, Cleavinger HB, et al. (2002). White matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological outcome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurology, 58(10), 1525-1532. <https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.58.10.1525>;农业农村部办公厅 (2018). 关于切实加强百草枯监督管理的通知(农办农〔2018〕17 号). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2018-12/31/content_5442594.htm>
Chen Y, Li W, Wang X, Zhong Q, Abudurexiti A, Qiu Q, Li J, Luo J (2025). Clinical features and prognostic predictors for patients admitted to trauma intensive care unit due to fall from height in South Xinjiang. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 142. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00959-4>;Simmel S, Wurm S, Drisch S, Woltmann A, Coenen M (2020). Prädiktion der Rückkehr zur Arbeit nach Polytrauma bei Patienten mit einem ISS von mindestens 25. Die Rehabilitation, 59(2), 95-103. <https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0977-6853>;国家卫生健康委 (2025). 2024 年我国卫生健康事业发展统计公报解读. <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202512/content_7050025.htm>
Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, Montgomery RA, McBride MA, Wainright JL, Segev DL (2014). Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation. JAMA, 311(6), 579-586. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.285141>;Mjøen G, Hallan S, Hartmann A, et al. (2014). Long-term risks for kidney donors. Kidney International, 86(1), 162-167. <https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.460>;Ibrahim HN, Foley R, Tan L, et al. (2009). Long-term consequences of kidney donation. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 459-469. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804883>;Goyal M, Mehta RL, Schneiderman LJ, Sehgal AR (2002). Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. JAMA, 288(13), 1589-1593. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.13.1589>
给 B 是因为只有一项研究,而且只算了去专科看过病的人。这些人病情偏重,所以 15 倍不能套到所有打牌的人身上。把钱交给家人管是经验做法,没有直接研究,单算是 C 级。赌博的法律红线见第 9 节第 13 条(不抽头、不玩网络赌博)。家里人欠了赌债该不该替他还,见第 8 节第 44 条(赌债不算夫妻共同债务)。自杀念头冒出来之后怎么办,见本节第 32 条(先告诉身边的一个人)。受益人主要是你自己,家人发现苗头时也可以拉着他照这条办。
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Karlsson A, Håkansson A. (2018). Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity: A longitudinal nationwide register study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1091–1099. <https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.112>;Karlsson A, Håkansson A. (2023). Corrigendum to: Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 12(1), 302. <https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.10000>;国家卫生健康委 (2024). 关于应用"12356"全国统一心理援助热线电话号码的通知(国卫医政函〔2024〕259 号). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202412/content_6994470.htm>
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金融监管总局福建监管局 2022 年的风险提示讲了这个套路。客户 A 资质不够,贷不下来。中介说要加一个担保人,让 A 去找资质好的 B。实际办的时候,中介用 B 的身份信息申请贷款,钱给 A 用。原文说「借款人实质为B」,B「直至被银行催收才知本人是借款人而非担保人」。山东监管局 2024 年的提示说,中介会向 B 承诺「不用承担任何责任」。中介还会事先教 B 怎么应付银行的贷前调查,实际由 B 作为借款人申请贷款。上海普陀区法院 2024 年公布过一起案子。业务员拿着 B 的手机下载银行 App,直接用 B 的名义申请贷款。钱到了 B 的账户,B 转给了 A,A 又付了 8 万多元手续费。中介一伙 8 人以合同诈骗罪被判 10 个月到 4 年。中介判了刑,这笔贷款也不会因此变成别人的。民法典第一百四十九条写着,第三人欺诈的,对方「知道或者应当知道」,受骗的一方才能请求撤销。这里的对方是银行,银行不知情就撤不掉。能撤的,要在知道被骗之日起 1 年内向法院请求(第一百五十二条)。借款人要按约定的期限还钱(第六百七十五条)。合同只约束签合同的人(第四百六十五条)。把债转给别人,要经银行同意(第五百五十一条)。所以 A 写的承诺书管不到银行。钱只能自己起诉 A 去要。替人刷了脸、没看合同,法院也认。内江市市中区法院 2025 年审结过一个案子:蒋某向小贷公司借钱,自己一个人借不到。张某的儿子背着她,把她的身份信息给了蒋某,让她当共同借款人。借款流程里要她本人刷脸,她刷了,但没看合同。法院说她「应当预见人脸识别的重要性及法律后果」,判她和蒋某一起还剩下的本金 6 万多元。电子签名法写明,「可靠的电子签名与手写签名或者盖章具有同等的法律效力」。反电信网络诈骗法规定,任何人「不得提供实名核验帮助」,违反的要罚款,情节严重的拘留。普通程序一审 6 个月内审结,可以延长。律师费不在法定的诉讼费用里,要自己出(全国)
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定 B 是因为 EXPRESS 不是随机试验。它比的是同一片人群改做法之前、之后两段时间,两段之间别的条件也可能变了,这部分分不开。眼前一黑几分钟又自己恢复,最容易被当成「累的」「低血糖」放过去。它是短暂性脑缺血发作的一种,接下来几天正是卒中高发的窗口。不疼、不红、不流泪的单眼看不见,尤其要当回事。别等第二天挂眼科门诊,直接去有卒中中心的医院急诊。
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Mac Grory B, Schrag M, Biousse V, et al. (2021). Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Stroke, 52(6), e282-e294. <https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000366> ; Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, et al. (2007). Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet, 370(9596), 1432-1442. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61448-2>
Zhou L, Wu S, Wang Y, Bao X, Peng T, Luo W, Ortega-Usobiaga J (2022). Clinical presentation of acute primary angle closure during the COVID-19 epidemic lockdown. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 1078237. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1078237> ; Sung MS, Kim HJ, Park SW (2023). Predictors of long-term visual field outcome after an episode of acute primary angle closure. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 51(4), 291-299. <https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.14206> ; Wang J, Wang J, Ng TK, Huang C (2025). Asymmetric intraocular pressure changes in dominant and contralateral eyes: the dark room prone provocative test. Seminars in Ophthalmology, 40(4), 325-331. <https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2024.2443972>
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Teixeira PGR 等 (2018). Civilian Prehospital Tourniquet Use Is Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Injury. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.01.047> ; Kragh JF 等 (2009). Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Annals of Surgery. <https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818842ba> ; 中国医师协会急诊医师分会等 (2020). 止血带的急诊应用专家共识. 中华急诊医学杂志 29(6):773-779:「院前急救时,止血带一旦使用则不建议松开,除非得到可以替代的彻底止血的救治」「最长使用时间不应超过2 h。但如果客观情况无法到医院救治或者无替代止血办法,则在得到正规救援前不解除止血带」. <https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2020.06.006>,全文 <http://www.cem.org.cn/rhtml/20200606/index.htm>
Griffin BR, Frear CC, Babl F, Oakley E, Kimble RM (2020). Cool Running Water First Aid Decreases Skin Grafting Requirements in Pediatric Burns: A Cohort Study of Two Thousand Four Hundred Ninety-five Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 75(1), 75-85. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.06.028>;Griffin B, Cabilan CJ, Ayoub B, et al. (2022). The effect of 20 minutes of cool running water first aid within three hours of thermal burn injury on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australasian Emergency Care, 25(4), 367-376. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2022.05.004>
中国医药教育协会等 (2022). 过敏性休克急救临床实践指南(2020). Frontiers in Pharmacology:「Epinephrine is the first-line medicine in GRADE II to IV anaphylaxis」「Intramuscular epinephrine should be injected in the mid-anterolateral thigh」,成人肌注上限 0.5 mg、14 岁以下 0.3 mg,无反应可每 5–15 分钟重复一次. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.845689>;Muraro A, et al. (2022). EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update). Allergy. <https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15032>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 癫痫发作急救:「Don't hold the person down or stop their movements」「Don't put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw」「Don't offer water or food until they are fully alert」「Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911」. <https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html>
意识不清的人不要喂东西,会呛进气管,直接叫 120。同一份标准还建议,打胰岛素的人、容易低血糖的人,都该备一份胰高血糖素。原文是「All individuals treated with insulin or who are at high risk of hypoglycemia...should be prescribed glucagon」。鼻喷的和事先装好药的针剂,比要临时兑药的好用。这些做法默认是给你自己或者家里的糖尿病人准备的,随身带糖也是给他们带的。
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美国糖尿病学会 (2025). 糖尿病诊疗标准 2025·第 6 章 血糖目标与低血糖. Diabetes Care:分级「Level 1: Glucose <70 mg/dL (<3.9 mmol/L) and ≥54 mg/dL (≥3.0 mmol/L)」「Level 2: Glucose <54 mg/dL (<3.0 mmol/L)」「Level 3: A severe event characterized by altered mental and/or physical status requiring assistance for treatment of hypoglycemia, irrespective of glucose level」;处理「For most individuals, 15 g carbohydrates should be ingested」「Fifteen minutes after initial treatment, repeat the treatment if hypoglycemia persists」. <https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-S006>
US CDC. What to Do to Protect Yourself From Electrical Hazards(First aid 一节). <https://www.cdc.gov/natural-disasters/response/what-to-do-protect-yourself-from-electrical-hazards.html>;Spies C, Trohman RG (2006). Narrative review: Electrocution and life-threatening electrical injuries. Annals of Internal Medicine 145(7):531-537. <https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00011>
You J, Liu J, Zhou M (2020). Number of Deaths due to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Month and by Place of Death — China, 2018. China CDC Weekly 2(2):32:「In 2018, there were 11,523 deaths caused by carbon monoxide poisoning reported in China」. <https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.008>;美国疾病控制与预防中心. 一氧化碳中毒:「More than 400 Americans die from unintentional CO poisoning not linked to fires」「More than 100,000 visit an emergency department」「More than 14,000 are hospitalized」,常见症状「headache, dizziness, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion」. <https://www.cdc.gov/carbon-monoxide/about/index.html>;美国消费品安全委员会. 一氧化碳信息中心:「If you suspect CO poisoning, get outside to fresh air immediately, and then call 911」. <https://www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Education-Centers/Carbon-Monoxide-Information-Center>
US National Weather Service. Heat Related Illnesses. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-illness> ; 云南省疾控局 (2026). 出现这些症状,你可能是中暑了. <https://ynsjkj.yn.gov.cn/html/2026/jikongkepu_0719/2606.html> ; 中国疾病预防控制中心. 高温天气,中国疾控中心提醒您谨防中暑:「如有条件可用冷水浸泡的方法对无基础疾病的青壮年快速降温。老人和有基础疾病的患者可向皮肤喷水通过蒸发降温。降温应遵循"先降温,后转运" 的原则」. <https://www.chinacdc.cn/jkkp/ggws/hjyssj/202409/t20240906_296985.html> ; 国家卫生健康委 (2010). 高温中暑预防知识要点. <https://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/jbyfykz/201007/1edb19b7dd4e4bdf8da5ea45f4a64e23.shtml> ; Eifling KP 等 (2024). Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Illness: 2024 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 35(1_suppl):112S-127S. <https://doi.org/10.1177/10806032241227924>(正文站点拒绝自动抓取,具体推荐按荒野医学会官网的更新摘要核对:「cold water immersion … is the most important method of treating severe heat illness」「If CWI is unavailable, evaporative cooling is the recommended second-line treatment. … generally half as fast as CWI」<https://wms.org/magazine/magazine/1540/Heat-Illness-CPG/default.aspx>);Lipman GS 等 (2019). 同指南 2019 版. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2018.10.004>
US National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus. Choking – adult or child over 1 year. <https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000047.htm>;福州市卫生健康委员会 (2026). 海姆立克急救法更新了:「1岁以上幼儿、儿童及成人:从旧版单一腹部冲击改为"5次背部拍击+5次腹部冲击"的循环」「中国红十字系统急救培训一直都是按"5次背部拍击+5次腹部冲击"循环进行的方式进行教学」. <https://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zgfzzt/swjw/fzwj/jkkp/202601/t20260108_5268351.htm>
定 B 是因为这是指南里的公认做法,没有随机试验,总不能把伤者分成「拔」和「不拔」两组来试。唯一的例外是异物堵住气道、人喘不上气。到了医院直接找急诊门口那张分轻重缓急的台子(预检分诊台),报「穿透伤」。这属于要立刻进抢救室的那一级,不要去挂号窗口排队(见第 24 节第 7 条)。真扎穿了就打 120,救护车会提前通知医院准备接诊。大出血怎么压、怎么上止血带见第 12 条。
查看出处
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 256–257、267–268 页. <https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%20International%20First%20Aid,%20Resuscitation%20and%20Education%20Guidelines%202025.pdf>
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 301–302 页. <https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%20International%20First%20Aid,%20Resuscitation%20and%20Education%20Guidelines%202025.pdf>;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011). Hip fracture: management. NICE guideline CG124,第 1.1.1 条. <https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124/chapter/Recommendations>;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016). Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. NICE guideline NG38,第 1.2.3 条. <https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng38/chapter/Recommendations>;Mallee WH 等 (2015). Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging versus bone scintigraphy for clinically suspected scaphoid fractures in patients with negative plain radiographs. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010023.pub2>;Taljanovic MS 等, Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging (2019). ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Acute Trauma to the Knee,Variant 3. American College of Radiology. <https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69419/Narrative/>
定 B 是因为支撑这套手法的主要是病例报告,没有「照做能少死多少人」的数字。收益定「大」是凭判断:完全堵住的气道几分钟内就会让孩子心跳停下。受益的几乎都是自家孩子。1 岁以上的孩子和成人改按肚子,见本节第 26 条(噎住拍背加腹部冲击)。按胸口用什么手法,各家写法不同。美国指南和国内红十字新版用一只手的掌根,国际红十字用两个拇指,老教程用两根手指。2025 年美国指南因为两指按不够深,已经不再推荐它。急救时用哪种都比不按强。东西咳出来了也要去医院看,可能有碎块留在肺里。硬币、小玩具这类小东西放到孩子够不着的地方。孩子没反应之后怎么做,见本节第 44 条(婴儿心肺复苏)。
查看出处
Joyner BL 等 (2025). Part 6: Pediatric Basic Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 152(suppl 2):S424–S447. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001370>,全文见 <https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/pediatric-basic-life-support>;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 238–240 页. <https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%20International%20First%20Aid,%20Resuscitation%20and%20Education%20Guidelines%202025.pdf>;福州市卫生健康委员会 (2026). 海姆立克急救法更新了. <https://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zgfzzt/swjw/fzwj/jkkp/202601/t20260108_5268351.htm>
Joyner BL 等 (2025). Part 6: Pediatric Basic Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 152(suppl 2):S424–S447. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001370>,全文见 <https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/pediatric-basic-life-support>;Naim MY 等 (2017). Association of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation With Overall and Neurologically Favorable Survival After Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States: A Report From the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival Surveillance Registry. JAMA Pediatrics 171(2):133–141. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3643>;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 186–188 页. <https://www.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%20International%20First%20Aid,%20Resuscitation%20and%20Education%20Guidelines%202025.pdf>;首都儿科研究所 (2022). 【儿研所儿医说】心肺复苏:爸妈必备的急救知识(北京市卫生健康委员会转载). <https://wjw.beijing.gov.cn/bmfw_20143/jkzs/jksh/202210/t20221017_2837684.html>;European Resuscitation Council (2025). ERC Guidelines 2025 for the lay public(Paediatric Basic Life Support 一章). <https://www.erc.edu/media/p5ymaeej/gl2025_layperson_book_ipdf-v11-e.pdf>
C 级原因是这些都是官方提示,不是研究数据。饮水量、报备、信号覆盖、待在车旁、求救信号都是官方原话。流传的「三声一组」没有找到官方原文,所以改写成官方的三堆火和三短三长三短。不要在正午徒步找路。不要喝尿。不要为了省水而不喝。
查看出处
US National Park Service. Mojave National Preserve Safety. <https://www.nps.gov/moja/planyourvisit/safety.htm> ; US National Park Service. Death Valley Safety. <https://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/safety.htm> ; US National Park Service. Desert Driving Safety. <https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/desertdrivingsafety.htm> ; 重庆市应急管理局 (2024). 应急科普>>在野外你需要了解的求救信号(长图):「燃放三堆火焰是国际通行的求救信号,将火堆摆成三角形」「三声短三声长,再三声短;间隔1分钟之后再重复」. <https://yjj.cq.gov.cn/yjkp/scshaq/202409/t20240918_13639172.html> ; 文化和旅游部 (2018). 文化和旅游部提醒游客谨慎选择户外探险旅游:「谨慎前往无人区和人烟稀少区」「尽量多车同行,提前准备对讲机,必要时租用卫星电话」. <https://www.mct.gov.cn/zxbs/cxts/201811/t20181127_836244.htm>
US National Weather Service. During Extreme Cold. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-during> ; Dow J 等 (2019). Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Out-of-Hospital Evaluation and Treatment of Accidental Hypothermia: 2019 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2019.10.002>
WHO. 动物咬伤 实况报道. <https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/animal-bites> ; WHO (2023). 蛇咬伤中毒 实况报道. <https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/snakebite-envenoming> ; Lai R 等 (2024). The Chinese guideline for management of snakebites. World Journal of Emergency Medicine 15(5):333-355:「An estimated 250,000–280,000 cases of venomous snakebites occur in China each year, affecting mainly patients aged ≥50 years」. <https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.076> ; Yan S 等 (2026). Clinical epidemiology of snakebite envenoming in hospitals 11 provinces of Yangtze River Basin and southern regions of China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases:「withdrawal (4346, 10.65%), and death (23, 0.06%)」. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013247>
中国地震局(安徽省地震局制作). 地震来了,是躲还是跑?(科普视频,字幕转录). <https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/dzpd/dzcs/5537260/index.html>;Armenian HK, Noji EK, Oganesian AP (1992). A case-control study of injuries arising from the earthquake in Armenia, 1988. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 70(2), 251-257. <https://europepmc.org/article/MED/1600585>;US FEMA Ready.gov. Earthquakes. <https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes>;Mahue-Giangreco M, Mack W, Seligson H, Bourque LB (2001). Risk factors associated with moderate and serious injuries attributable to the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. Annals of Epidemiology, 11(5), 347-357. <https://doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00220-4>
B 级只对应熊。野猪和野狗的「不跑、慢退、找高处或者障碍物挡」是经验,算 C 级,国家林草局和地方林草的官方提示本次未找到。不要拿食物引,不要凑近拍照,不要带狗进有野猪的山。中国的熊多是黑熊和棕熊,装死还是不装死,按这两种分开看。
查看出处
US National Park Service. Staying Safe Around Bears. <https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm> ;国家疾控局综合司、国家卫生健康委办公厅 (2023). 狂犬病暴露预防处置工作规范(2023 年版). <https://www.ndcpa.gov.cn/jbkzzx/c100014/common/content/content_1706569159854649344.html>
美国国家气象局. 户外雷电安全:「There is no safe place outside when thunderstorms are in the area」「Avoid open fields, the top of a hill or a ridge top. Stay away from tall, isolated trees or other tall objects」「Stay away from water, wet items, such as ropes, and metal objects, such as fences and poles」;实在走不了时「If you are in a group, spread out to avoid the current traveling between group members」;恢复活动「Wait 30 minutes until after the last rumble of thunder」. <https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-outdoors>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 黄皮书·高海拔旅行与高原病:「Any unacclimatized traveler proceeding to a sleeping altitude of ≥2,450 m (≥8,000 ft)—and sometimes lower—is at risk for altitude illness」;上升速度「500 m (1,650 ft) per night in sleeping altitude once above 3,000 m (9,800 ft)」,每上升 1000 米加一天适应日;乙酰唑胺预防「125 mg twice a day; 250 mg twice a day if >100 kg body weight」;「If symptoms become worse despite rest or treatment at the same elevation」必须下撤. <https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/high-altitude-travel-and-altitude-illness.html>;荒野医学会 (2024). 急性高原病预防、诊断与治疗临床实践指南(2024 更新). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.05.013>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 被蜱叮咬之后:「Grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible using clean fine-tipped tweezers」「Pull tick away from the skin with steady, even pressure」「Do not use petroleum jelly, heat, nail polish, or other substances to try and make the tick detach from the skin. This may agitate the tick and force infected fluid from the tick into the skin」. <https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/after-a-tick-bite/index.html>;Ren Q 等 (2026). Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in China, 2010–2024: a fifteen-year national surveillance analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases 26:1497:「The number of reported cases (6,602 cases) and deaths (306 cases) in 2024 were both the highest levels since the discovery of this disease」「The average CFR was 4.79%, and the CFR increased with age, reaching 9.15% among those aged 85 years and above」. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14066-z>
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 黄皮书·旅行者的水消毒:「All organisms that may cause illness from drinking water are killed within seconds at boiling temperature」「CDC recommends that travelers boil water for a full minute to account for user variability in identifying boiling points and to add a margin of safety」「Although the boiling point for water decreases with increasing elevation, at common travel elevations the temperature needed to achieve boiling is still well above the temperature required to inactivate enteric pathogens」. <https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/preparing-international-travelers/water-disinfection-for-travelers.html>
Pantell RH, Roberts KB, Adams WG, et al. (2021). Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants 8 to 60 Days Old. Pediatrics, 148(2), e2021052228. <https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-052228>
Spies EL, Klevens J (2016). Fatal Abusive Head Trauma Among Children Aged <5 Years — United States, 1999–2014. MMWR 65(20):505-509. <https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6520a1>;Choudhary AK 等 (2018). Consensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children. Pediatric Radiology 48(8):1048-1065. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4149-1>
Kemper AR, Newman TB, Slaughter JL, et al. (2022). Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation. Pediatrics, 150(3), e2022058859. <https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-058859>;NHS. Jaundice in babies(2026-03-24 审阅). <https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/>;NICE (2010, 2023 修订). Jaundice in newborn babies under 28 days (CG98), 1.2.6、1.7.1. <https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/chapter/Recommendations>;Bhutani VK, Zipursky A, Blencowe H, et al. (2013). Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels. Pediatric Research, 74(Suppl 1), 86-100. <https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2013.208>;Hsiao CH, Chang MH, Chen HL, et al. (2008). Universal screening for biliary atresia using an infant stool color card in Taiwan. Hepatology, 47(4), 1233-1240. <https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22182>;Lee M, Chen SC, Yang HY, et al. (2016). Infant Stool Color Card Screening Helps Reduce the Hospitalization Rate and Mortality of Biliary Atresia: A 14-Year Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan. Medicine, 95(12), e3166. <https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003166>;国家卫生计生委 (2017). 国家基本公共卫生服务规范(第三版),0~6 岁儿童健康管理服务规范. <https://www.nhc.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2017/04/20170417104506514.pdf>
国务院 (2023). 领事保护与协助条例(国令第 763 号). <https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202307/content_6891761.htm>(第二十六条);美国疾病控制与预防中心. Travelers' Health: Travel Insurance:「Medical evacuation insurance covers emergency transportation from a remote area to a high-quality hospital, which could otherwise cost more than $100,000.」. <https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/insurance>;其余为作者经验,无直接文献
United Nations Treaty Collection. Convention on Road Traffic, Geneva, 19 September 1949 — status of treaties. <https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsV.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-B-1&chapter=11&clang=_en>
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hear Her — Urgent Maternal Warning Signs. <https://www.cdc.gov/hearher/maternal-warning-signs/index.html>;World Health Organization. Maternal mortality fact sheet. <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality>